What is hollyhock rust?

Hollyhock rust is a fungal disease of the aerial parts of the plant, caused by Puccinia malvacearum. It is spread by airborne spores. The disease will invariably develop on untreated hollyhocks, although it is worse during wet summer weather.

Leaves, stems and calyces (outer parts of the flower) can all be attacked. Heavy attacks stunt plants and reduce their vigour.

Symptoms

You may see the following symptoms:

• Bright yellow or orange spots on the upper leaf surface
• Reddish-orange to brown, lumpy, spore-producing pustules on the corresponding lower surface
• The pustules turn ash-grey under conditions of high humidity, as airborne spores are produced
• The disease tends to start on lower leaves and spreads up the plant
• Severely affected leaves shrivel and fall, and plants are stunted and lacking in vigour
• Pustules are also produced on the stems and calyx

Control

The RHS believes that avoiding pests, diseases and weeds by good practice in cultivation methods, cultivar selection, garden hygiene and encouraging or introducing natural enemies, should be the first line of control. If chemical controls are used, they should be used only in a minimal and highly targeted manner.

Control of hollyhock rust is not easy, even when fungicides are used. Spores of the fungus can travel long distances, so will arrive continually from surrounding gardens and wild plants.

Non-chemical control

• Check plants regularly and remove and dispose of affected leaves
• Dispose of heavily infected plants
• Do not use seed from affected plants
• Monitor bought-in plants closely for development of symptoms
• Hollyhocks will live for several years, but to reduce the threat from rust consider growing them as a biennial, discarded after flowering
• If keeping plants for more than one flowering season, cut them right down to soil level in autumn, dispose of all leaf debris from around them, and be vigilant for the first rust symptoms in spring
• Avoid dense planting as this will lead to high humidity around the foliage
• Encourage good root development by avoiding over-wet or over-dry soil conditions
• Control common mallow and avoid growing other plants in the Malvaceae family (e.g. Abutilon, Hibiscus, Lavatera, Malva, Malvastrum and Sidalcea) if hollyhocks are an important feature of the garden

Chemical control

The fungicides tebuconazole (Provanto Fungus Fighter Concentrate), tebuconazole with trifloxystrobin (Provanto Fungus Fighter Plus, Toprose Fungus Control & Protect), and triticonazole (Fungus Clear Ultra) are approved for the control of rust diseases on ornamental plants, and can be used against hollyhock rust. However, regular applications will be required, particularly if the weather is unsettled. Target applications when they are most needed (start only after you see rust infection and then try to protect new growth) as the maximum number of applications allowed per year range from three to six, depending on the fungicide product. There will be little spread of the disease during prolonged dry spells.

Inclusion of a fungicide product does not indicate a recommendation or endorsement by the RHS. It is a list of products currently available to the home gardener.

Download

Fungicides for gardeners (Adobe Acrobat pdf document outlining fungicides available to gardeners)

Links

Chemicals: using a sprayer
Chemicals: using safely and effectively
Chemicals: storing and disposing safely

Biology

The rust fungi are described as biotrophs; that is, they grow within the living tissues of the plant and extract nutrients from the cells. Although they do not kill tissues rapidly, heavy attacks by rusts can cause tissues to collapse and die prematurely and this is the case with hollyhock rust. 

The reddish-orange pustules on the leaf undersides contain numerous spores called teliospores that remain embedded within the leaf. Under humid conditions the teliospores germinate to produce a second spore type called a basidiospore. It is the production of the minute basidiospores that causes the pustules to turn an ash-grey colour, and it is these spores that are carried in air currents to create new infections when they land on other hollyhock leaves.

Infection is favoured by wet or humid conditions. The disease is therefore most problematic during wet summers, but it is so aggressive that plants are invariably affected even in dry years.

The fungus overwinters on the few green leaves remaining at the base of hollyhocks and perennial mallows, and may also survive within the crown of the plant. New leaves emerging in spring soon produce rust pustules. The fungus has not been found within the embryo of hollyhock seeds, but the seed could still carry infection in the form of spores on accompanying bracts or flower parts.   

Like many rust diseases, hollyhock rust has a ‘latent period’, when infection of the plant has occurred but symptoms are not yet visible. Depending on environmental conditions this latent period can range from a few days to several weeks. It is therefore possible that bought-in plants could be harbouring the disease. Plants grown on nurseries are often treated with fungicides, which may suppress the fungus without killing it.

Susceptibility: In addition to hollyhocks, the rust can also affect a number of other plants in the Malvaceae family, including Abutilon, Hibiscus, Lavatera, Malvastrum and Sidalcea. It affects common mallow (Malva sylvestris), a native perennial found frequently on roadsides and waste places (particularly in England and Wales) and sometimes grown as part of a wildflower meadow.