The female botanist who sweetened a nation

Sometimes described as “India’s first female botanist”, Edavalath Kakkat Janaki Ammal was a trailblazing botanist and plant cytologist who developed innovative

A plant produced by crossing two distinct parents, often different species, to produce offspring that combine the characteristics of both. Hybrids can occur naturally, but crosses are often made deliberately by plant breeders to produce plants with better yield, improved flowering or vigour, or improved disease resistance.

As an eminent scientist, she used her status and influence to protect and preserve the Silent Valley National Park, which is full of rare orchids. In 1946 she became the first female scientist to be employed by the RHS.

Janaki added “a spoonful of sugar” to the indigenous cultivars of sugarcane in India. Between 1934 and 1939, Janaki worked on sugarcane genetics at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute in Coimbatore and, while most Indians will not know her name, they are certain to have tasted the fruits of her labour. Through crossbreeding of species and cultivars in the laboratory, she created a high-yielding strain of sugarcane better suited to the Indian climate, making India less reliant on imports.

© RHS Lindley Collections

Photograph of a group of staff members outside the Laboratory at RHS Garden Wisley including Janaki Ammal (right)

Starting out

Janaki was born in 1897 into a Thiya family from Tellichery (now Thallassery) in Kerala, south-west India. Her family was seen as belonging to a lower caste. This, at least in part, caused her to reject marriage and devote her life to scholarship.

Schools and colleges started by missionaries in North Malabar ensured that Janaki received the best education available, and she also benefited from a library that her father created in the family home. His interests in ornithology, botany and natural sciences were passed on to his children.

While working as a lecturer at the Women’s Christian College, Madras, in the early 1920s she received a scholarship from the University of Michigan to study botany where she achieved a Master of Science in 1925 and, in 1931, became the first female Doctor of Botany in the United States with her thesis titled Chromosome Studies in Nicandra physalodes (the shoo fly plant).

Bittersweet success in Coimbatore

© RHS 1851 Royal Commission Herbarium

Herbarium specimen of Rhododendron yakushimanum ‘Koichiro Wada’

In 1934 Janaki started work at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute in Coimbatore. As well as her work improving sugarcane cultivars she established that Saccharum spontaneum, the sugarcane that is exported from India all over the world to this day, had originated in India and helped analyse the geographical distribution of sugarcane across India. She also experimented with creating hybrids of sugarcane with other members of the grass family like Indian corn or maize (Zea), millet (Sorghum), cogon grass (Imperata) and even bamboo (Bambusa), which had never been done before.

Though she experienced professional success at Coimbatore, being a woman in a male-dominated field led to clashes with her peers who failed to give her work the recognition it deserved. She expressed her frustration at not being allowed to publish her own findings in a letter to Cyril Darlington, a British cytogeneticist and evolutionist, saying she thought of leaving Coimbatore after “facing brutal persecution” in the “pseudo-scientific” atmosphere.

Janaki had enjoyed a brief spell at the John Innes Institute at Merton Park, south London, while studying for her PhD and in 1939 she returned there, joining as an assistant cytologist (a scientist who studies plant cells). Here she developed her long working relationship with Cyril Darlington. They corresponded until his death in 1981 and their letters reveal how close their friendship became.

Her work at the Institute focused on studying ploidy (the number of sets of chromosomes) in a wide range of garden plants. Janaki and Darlington co-authored the 1945 Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants. It features around 100,000 plants and is still used by plant breeders today. While at the Institute, she also worked on medicinal plants and plants such as lemongrass (Cymbopogon), thornapple (Datura), yam (Dioscorea), mint (Mentha) and nightshade (Solanum).

© RHS Lindley Collections

Janaki Ammal and friends at RHS Garden Wisley

In 1946 Janaki became the RHS’s first female scientist, working at RHS Garden Wisley on a salary of £300. Before her arrival, she had experimented with colchicine on Asparagus, Clarkia, Lilium, Magnolia, Morus and Rhododendron resulting in the creation of a number of new tetraploids. Producing tetraploids meant creating plants with four sets of chromosomes rather than two, often resulting in plants with increased vigour. The Wisley Herbarium still contains specimens pressed by Janaki. Her sample of Rhododendron yakushimanum ‘Koichiro Wada’ has become the nomenclatural standard (the definitive specimen of a cultivar, similar to a type specimen for a species).

At Wisley she investigated the effects of colchicine on a number of woody plants, including Magnolia, by applying a stock solution of colchicine in water to the growing tip of young

A seedling is a young plant grown from seed.

Gardeners often use the word variety when referring to a specific plant, but the correct botanical term is 'cultivar'. Whichever word you use, it means a distinctive plant or plants, given a specific cultivar name and usually bred to enhance certain characteristics, such as flower or fruit size, colour, flavour or fragrance, plant size, hardiness, disease resistance, etc. Additionally, it is worth knowing that, botanically, variety has another meaning - it refers to a naturally-occurring distinct plant that only has slight differences in its looks. For example, Malva alcea var. fastigiata differs from typical plants by having an upright habit.

cultivar

Magnolia kobus ‘Janaki Ammal’

Janaki’s work was highly respected around the world: the Wisley plant accessions register (a record of plants received, in what numbers and from where) from this time shows numerous plants being sent to her. The Australian botanist Constance Margaret Eardley was sent to Wisley for a year to study under her.

Janaki travelled, speaking for the RHS at international conferences and undertaking a plant collecting expedition to Nepal during 1948–49, returning to Wisley with specimens including Fragaria, Iris, Rhododendron, Rosa and Rubus.

In one of the letters to Darlington from this period, Janaki described her time in Nepal as “a massive change” from her simple life at Wisley, as she was being assisted by “peons, mukhias, havaldars and gurkas” (local officials) and had been provided with a state car and local botanist to assist her. After nine years away, she thought “India looked like a land where time had stopped a thousand years ago”. She collected seeds of Amaranthus paniculatus as a grain, vegetables like rat-tail radishes with roots 2ft long, luffas that were 6ft tall and “pumpkins big enough to make Cinderella’s coach”.

Return to India

Janaki returned to India in 1951 following an invitation by PT Jawaharlai Nehru, Prime Minister of the newly independent country, to lead a project to reorganise the Botanical Survey of India. Compiling an updated inventory of the country’s rich plant resources was a huge undertaking and not without its challenges. The chief botanist on the project, Hermenegild Santapau, a Kew-trained Catalan, chose to send the specimens collected to herbaria around the world. Janaki believed a truly systematic study of India’s flora could not be done if specimens were collected by foreign botanists and studied only in British herbaria.

In 1977 the government of India gave Janaki one of its most prestigious awards, the Padma Shri. She worked as a chairman of the Cytogenetics Department, Honourable Professor of Botany and an Emeritus Scientist in Jammu and Kashmir.

Today, Janaki’s legacy is also in the thriving rainforests of Silent Valley National Park in Kerala. The Silent Valley had been threatened by flooding and the construction of a hydroelectric plant, but Janaki had realised that this would be a devastating loss for India and campaigned to save it while also attempting to document the flora found there.

In 1984, less than a year after Janaki’s death, the Silent Valley was declared a National Park, its unique flora saved for future generations. It’s now a flourishing area that people visit and even safari in.

To celebrate her remarkable career and contribution to plant science, two Indian plant breeders, Girija and Viru Viraraghavan bred a new yellow rose, which they named ‘E.K. Janaki Ammal’. It was the breeders’ understanding that Janaki only wore yellow saris in her later years. Other plants have been named in her honour: Sonerila janakiana, a tuberous species in the Melastomataceae, and Decalepis (Janakia) arayalpatra, a medicinal plant from the Western Ghats region of Kerala.

The John Innes Institute offers postgraduate scholarships in her name to students from developing countries. India offers a number of scholarships in her name, ensuring that her work continues to be known by future scientists.

“Janaki always wanted to serve her country. She wanted to put the country where she was born on the map, and only left because in India, men and women were treated so differently in the workplace,” says RHS Herbarium Curator and Digitiser Mandeep Matharu.

Learn more with these additional resources:

Books:

• Biggs, M (2018) The Secrets of Great Botanists and What They Teach Us About Gardening. RHS/Mitchell Beazley
• Damodaran, V (2017) Janaki Ammal, C.D. Darlington and J.B.S. Haldane: scientific encounters at the end of empire. J. Genetics 96: 827–836
• Darlington, C.D. (1903–​1981) Archive of Cyril Dean Darlington
• Ammal, JEK (1938) Correspondence to CD Darlington from EK Janaki Ammal, 8 August. Bodleian Library Special Collections, Oxford
• Ammal, JEK (1948) Correspondence to CD Darlington from EK Janaki Ammal, 28 November. Bodleian Library Special Collections, Oxford
• Ammal, JEK (1951) Chromosomes and horticulture. J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 76: 236–239
• Ammal, JEK (1954) Correspondence to CD Darlington from EK Janaki Ammal, 4 October. Bodleian Library Special Collections, Oxford
• Ammal, JEK (1977) Correspondence to CD Darlington from EK Janaki Ammal, 14 August. Bodleian Library Special Collections, Oxford
• RHS Advisory Committee minutes (1946, 1947) Cytology – Dr Janaki Ammal. Royal Horticultural Society

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